European Journal of Chemistry 2023, 14(1), 72-79 | doi: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.14.1.72-79.2371 | Get rights and content

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GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya


Albert Morang’a Oyugi (1) orcid , John Onyango Adongo (2,*) orcid , Cynthia Muhavi Mudalungu (3) orcid , Joshua Kiprotich Kibet (4) orcid

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Nakuru, 20115, Kenya
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Nakuru, 20115, Kenya
(3) International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Nakuru, 20115, Kenya
(*) Corresponding Author

Received: 29 Nov 2022 | Revised: 04 Jan 2023 | Accepted: 14 Jan 2023 | Published: 31 Mar 2023 | Issue Date: March 2023

Abstract


In this study, an analysis of pesticide residues was performed using a gas chromatography/ electron impact mass spectrometer (GC/EI-MS) to qualitatively assess and characterize pesticide residues in khat leaves sampled from selected agricultural farms in Meru County, Kenya. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure followed by GC/EI-MS analysis led to the detection and identification of six pesticide compounds from the sample-ion chromatograms. They include cypermethrin, acephate, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos. The prevalence rate of pesticide contamination was determined to be 54.5% of the sample size. Of the identified pesticide residues, 50% were compounds based on pyrethroids and the other 50% were based on organophosphate. Four of the six identified pesticides were chlorinated compounds. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe UV-vis double beam spectrophotometric technique based on copper (II) chelation reactions leading to colored copper pesticide complexes was developed, validated, and applied to quantify and compare the levels of selected pesticide compounds found in the khat samples. UV-vis wavelength-scan measurements performed on pesticide compounds chelated with copper (II) ions revealed maximum absorption of Cu-cypermethrin and Cu-acephate at 321 and 207 nm, respectively. The standards calibration curves developed from the UV-Vis quantitation technique showed excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-10.0 µg/L (R2 = 0.99) for both cypermethrin and acephate standards. The estimated limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.25-0.26 µg/L, respectively. The UV-Vis quantitation results from the selected samples (in which residues were confirmed to be present) revealed that acephate (an organophosphate residue) occurred at higher concentration levels (range 2.897-7.978 µg/L) than cypermethrin (2.145 µg/L). For the pesticides quantitatively analysed in the selected samples, the levels were below the maximum residue limit (MRL). The hazard quotients (HQ) were in the range of between 0.247-0.797.


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Editor-in-Chief
European Journal of Chemistry

Keywords


Pyrethroids; Catha edulis; Organophosphates; Mass spectrometer; Organo-copper chelation; Total-ion chromatogram

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DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.1.72-79.2371

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Funding information


German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) in joint cooperation with Program for Migration and Development (PMD); Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Chemistry, GC/EI-MS Lab., Kenya.

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How to cite


Oyugi, A.; Adongo, J.; Mudalungu, C.; Kibet, J. Eur. J. Chem. 2023, 14(1), 72-79. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.14.1.72-79.2371
Oyugi, A.; Adongo, J.; Mudalungu, C.; Kibet, J. GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya. Eur. J. Chem. 2023, 14(1), 72-79. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.14.1.72-79.2371
Oyugi, A., Adongo, J., Mudalungu, C., & Kibet, J. (2023). GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya. European Journal of Chemistry, 14(1), 72-79. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.14.1.72-79.2371
Oyugi, Albert, John Onyango Adongo, Cynthia Muhavi Mudalungu, & Joshua Kiprotich Kibet. "GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya." European Journal of Chemistry [Online], 14.1 (2023): 72-79. Web. 11 Dec. 2023
Oyugi, Albert, Adongo, John, Mudalungu, Cynthia, AND Kibet, Joshua. "GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya" European Journal of Chemistry [Online], Volume 14 Number 1 (31 March 2023)

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