European Journal of Chemistry

European Journal of Chemistry is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles as well as letters in all areas of chemistry (Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Theoretical and Applied Physical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Applied and Materials Chemistry, Chemical Technology, Agro Chemical Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Colloid Chemistry, Interfacial Chemistry, Surface Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Green Chemistry, etc.). European Journal of Chemistry is available free of charge as an Open Access journal on the Internet.


European Journal of Chemistry accepts original research and review papers as well as letters in all areas of chemistry. A manuscript submitted to the journal for publication should be original. It should not have been previously published and should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. All published research articles in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymised refereeing by at least two expert reviewers. The journal is published print and online and articles are available as online rapidly after acceptance. The published articles are expected to receive high citations as the journal develops and reaches prominence in the field. I expect that European Journal of Chemistry will attract manuscripts of the highest quality which are of the greatest possible benefit to readers. We look forward to receiving your submissions.Please do not hesitate to contact the Editor, if you would like to discuss the suitability of your contribution to European Journal of Chemistry.

Acceptance of papers is undertaken by Associate Editors or the Editor-in-Chief. All papers are refereed. Editorial Board members adjudicate in the case of conflicting or adverse reports.

Editor

 

In any given year, the two-year Journal Metric Score is the ratio between the number of citations * received in that year for publications in European Journal of Chemistry that were published in the two preceding years and the total number of "citable items" published in European Journal of Chemistry during the two preceding years.

 * European Journal of Chemistry is a member of Crossref (https://www.crossref.org/). This number of citations is obtained from Crossref Cited-by Service (https://www.crossref.org/services/cited-by/).

2011 Journal Metric Score = 0.5714  2016 Journal Metric Score = 0.4652

2012 Journal Metric Score = 0.6646  2017 Journal Metric Score = 0.3472

2013 Journal Metric Score = 0.8023  2018 Journal Metric Score = 0.3357

2014 Journal Metric Score = 0.8025  2019 Journal Metric Score = 0.4141

2015 Journal Metric Score = 0.4051  2020 Journal Metric Score = 0.5088

2021 Journal Metric Score = 0.5701  2022 Journal Metric Score = 0.6724

2023 Journal Metric Score = 0.5680 (Not completed)

[The citation data obtained from Crossref (Cited-by Service)]. 

 

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Vol 14, No 3 (2023): September 2023

Table of Contents

Editorial

Hakan Arslan
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.i-ii.2476
Editorial Board
i-ii
Hakan Arslan
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.iii-vi.2477
Graphical Contents
iii-vi

Research Article

Rita Ruivo, Luis Alves, Ana Martins
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.311-315.2463

New Ti(III) and Mo(III) complexes of formulae [(PNP-Ph)TiCl3], 1, and [(PNP-iPr)MoCl3], 2, where PNP-Ph = N,N’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,6-diaminopyridine and PNP-iPr = N,N’-bis(diisopropylphosphino)-2,6-diaminopyridine were synthesised, in moderate yields, by reaction of MCl3·(THF)3 (M = Ti and Mo) with the suitable ligand precursor. The solid-state molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for C37H41Cl3N3O2P2Ti (1·(C4H8O)2): triclinic, space group P-1 (no. 2), a = 10.0945(4) Å, b = 10.3002(4) Å, c = 18.6233(7) Å, α = 92.412(2)°, β = 91.108(2)°, γ = 101.705(3)°, V = 1893.65(13) Å3, Z = 2, µ(MoKα) = 0.559 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.361 g.cm-3, 20760 reflections measured (2.021 ≤ Θ ≤ 27.130), 8327 unique (Rint = 0.0399, Rsigma = 0.0414) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0316 (I > σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.0850 (all data). Crystal data for C17H33Cl3MoN3P2 (2): tetragonal, space group I41/a (no. 88), a = b = 19.468(4) Å, c = 31.711(6) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V = 12019(5) Å3, Z = 16, µ(MoKα) = 0.816 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.202 g.cm-3, 42367 reflections measured (2.569 ≤ Θ ≤ 25.347), 5498 unique (Rint = 0.1408, Rsigma = 0.1293) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.1005 (I > σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.3194 (all data). The coordination geometry around the titanium and molybdenum centers is best described as octahedral, with three donor atoms of the PNP ligand and one chlorine atom occupying the equatorial plane. The axial positions of the octahedron are occupied by the other two chlorido ligands in both complexes. The NH spacer groups in the PNP ligands have an important role in the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the complexes and molecules of the solvent or neighbouring species.

311-315
Ravi Ranjan, Durga Gupta, Madhulata Shukla
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.316-322.2436

Ionic liquids (ILs) carrying special properties can act as electronic as well as steric stabilisers by preventing nanoparticle (NP) growth and NP aggregation. The effect of visible light on the catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles is a hot topic of extensive research nowadays. The present report demonstrates the current developments in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in ionic liquids and a detailed study of the room-temperature catalytic and photocatalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP) to p-aminophenol (AP). The Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalised by ionic liquids are prepared in the 40-140 nm range and are found to be spherical in shape. The photocatalytic properties of these nanocomposites for the reduction of PNP to AP were studied. Photocatalytic degradation of PNP was also analysed by these composite nanostructures. The plasmonic photocatalytic properties of the synthesised AgNPs revealed activity significantly higher than that of the room-temperature catalysis. Density functional theory calculations showed that strong interactions exist between nanoclusters and ILs. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that IL also activates the nanoparticles for further photocatalytic reduction by transferring electron transfer from the donor (IL) to the acceptor (Ag cluster) and activating the silver NPs for further catalytic reaction. Photocatalytic degradation of PNP (reduction of PNP to AP) using NP in the absence of light follows first-order kinetics, whereas in the presence of light it follows zero-order reaction kinetics.

316-322
Vaishali Garia, Shiv Kumar Dubey, Ananya Bahuguna, Ravendra Kumar, Om Prakash, Dharmendra Singh Rawat
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.323-329.2449

The plant Artemesia nilagirica, collected from the terrain of the Himalayan region in Uttarakhand, India, was evaluated for its phytochemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. The different polarity extracts of the plant were prepared and subjected to GC-MS analysis for their phytochemical composition. Twenty-six compounds were identified in the hexane extract of Artemisia nilagirica that represents 73.30% of the total area. The main compounds were tetracontane (15.21%), heneicosane (6.52%), and phytyl tetradecanoate (5.11%). The methanol extract yielded 26 compounds, accounting for 83.78% of the total compounds detected. The main compounds were palmitic acid (13.25%), alpha-linolenic acid (10.32%), oleamide (9.41%), phytol (8.58%), muco-inositol (7.27%), and neophytadiene (5.05%). The hexane and methanol extracts showed significant metal chelating activity having IC50 values of 2.23±0.01 and 2.41±0.02 µg/mL, respectively, with standard EDTA having an IC50 value of 2.22±0.01 µg/mL. The methanol extract showed a better anti-inflammatory property having an IC50 value of 2.97±0.03 µg/mL compared to the standard diclofenac potassium having an IC50 value of 3.79±0.01 µg/mL. The hexane extract showed better antioxidant activity in terms of metal chelating activity and reducing power activity than the methanol extract. The anti-inflammatory activity of both hexane and methanol extracts showed better results than the standard marketed drug diclofenac potassium. The current study reveals that Artemisia nilagirica plant extracts have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The effective biological compounds of plant extracts, such as phenols and flavonoids, can be potential alternatives to standard pharmaceuticals.

323-329
Sunshine Dominic Kurbah, Ndege Simisi Clovis
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.330-336.2432

A new 'turn on' fluorescence chemosensor derived from coumarin-based compounds was successfully synthesised. N'-(2-Oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonyl)isonicotinohydrazide (H2L) was characterised by different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopy. The electronic structures of H2L and Al@HL were calculated using the density functional theory method using Becke’s three parameter Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) exchange functional with the 6-31G+(d,p) basis set. The detection limit of H2L for the Al (III) ion was found to be 2.6 µM, which is low enough to detect micromolar and is below the World Health Organisation guideline for drinking water.

330-336
Festus Kipkemoi Langat, Joshua Kiprotich Kibet, Francis Inyangala Okanga, John Onyango Adongo
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.337-347.2458

Currently, groundwater is largely becoming the main source of fresh water in most developing countries. However, various deleterious impacts resulting from anthropogenic activities beneath the earth’s surface have significantly affected groundwater quality, as evidenced in several areas endowed with mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, agricultural activities, and industrial processes. The possible etiological impacts may include cancer and genetic aberrations which result from the toxic effects of organic waterborne contaminants ingested by humans and animals over time. The motivation behind this study was to identify and determine the concentration profiles of various organic pollutants in the wells located along the Kerio Valley water basin near the exploratory wells for hydrocarbons and mining activities. Therefore, this study is necessary in unraveling the level of organic contaminants in the sampled borehole water, which can then be extrapolated to cover other boreholes within the Kerio Valley basin. The study was carried out during the dry season of December 2022. The water samples from the boreholes were extracted using a solid phase extraction procedure and characterized using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a mass selective detector. The findings indicate that benzene derivatives which were mainly xylenes, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, 1-methyl-2-propylpentylbenzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, azulene, and pyrene were found in most of the boreholes sampled. Furthermore, long-chain hydrocarbons were present in all groundwater samples with varying concentrations. The concentration of benzene derivatives ranged from 2.84 to 20.47 ppm. However, polycyclic hydrocarbons exhibited the highest concentrations of all organic pollutants, with pyrene giving a concentration of 23.14 ppm, fluoranthene (18.54 ppm), phenanthrene (14.13 ppm) and anthracene (11.06 ppm). According to the findings reported in this study, most of the borehole water in the Kerio Valley basin is contaminated and may be unsafe for drinking. Most of the reported concentration levels were several times higher than the standards of the U.S. Environmental and Protection Agency. However, it is necessary to develop a policy framework on the assessment and monitoring of water quality in the region and propose urgent measures to ensure a clean water supply for the benefit of residents.

337-347
Anil Kumar
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.348-352.2435

Groundwater is contaminated by undesirable elements that are introduced directly or indirectly into a natural water reservoir supplied by human activity, thus changing its physico-chemical properties. The north-east of Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan state of India was chosen as the study area due to the lack of research evidence in the past. The heavy metal content of a total of 42 water samples was analysed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The copper and iron content in the groundwater of the study area is revealing a spatial distribution range of 1.75 to 4.01 mg/L for copper and 0.44 to 1.22 mg/L for iron. The obtained result was compared with Buero of Indian Standard (10500:2012), Indian Council of Medical Research, and World Health Organisation. There are iron and copper mining facilities in the studied area. Therefore, the concentration of both minerals was observed in the groundwater of all sampling stations. The iron and copper content are much higher in groundwater than the permissible limit of Buero of Indian Standard and World Health Organisation. The manganese content was not detected at all sampling sites. Both iron and copper elements are trace elements, and their higher concentration has proven to be a major problem and there are many health risks associated with it. These observed concentrations indicate a hazardous risk to human health. The official authorities should take the necessary measures in this regard.

348-352
Aphouet Aurelie Koffi, N'guadi Blaise Allou, Mougo Andre Tigori, Teminfolo Yaya Soro, Albert Trokourey, Paulin Marius Niamien
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.353-361.2443

This work deals with aluminium corrosion inhibition by expired drugs containing flucloxacillin in 1 M hydrochloric acid medium, using the gravimetric method and density functional theory. Weight loss results showed that the inhibitory efficiency of this compound increases with concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. The study also indicates that this molecule is adsorbed according to the modified Langmuir model (Villamil model). Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption (∆Goads, ∆Hoads, ∆Soads) and activation (Ea*, ΔHa*, ΔSa*) show that the adsorption is mixed type (chemisorption and physisorption). In addition, density functional theory provides access to the quantum chemical parameters of the molecule such as the lowest vacant orbital energy (ELUMO), the highest occupied orbital energy (EHOMO), the absolute electronegativity (χ), the global hardness (η), the global softness (S), the fraction of transferred electrons (ΔN) as well as the electrophilicity index (ω) for finding correlation between the inhibitor structure and the experimental data.

353-361
Mary Mambwe, Kennedy Kabaso Kalebaila, Todd Johnson, John Moma
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.362-369.2451

Natural materials such as clay are valued for their favorable physical and chemical characteristics on the surface. In this study, the selected Zambian clay materials are immobilized with TiO2 and manganese ions to determine their suitability for use as photocatalysts. SiO2 and Al2O3 oxide composition of Zambian clays was obtained in the range of 35.08-52.63/35.15-52.72 and 13.85-21.73/13.77-21.80, respectively, by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF); while Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of modified clays showed that they have 1.54% incorporation of Ti and 4.98% Mn for Chingola clay to act as UV-Vis absorbers. According to the powder X-ray diffraction analysis of raw clays, the primary phase of all samples is quartz and contains low concentrations of bentonite and kaolinite. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed fluffy morphology with agglomeration, while the particle sizes of the clay photocatalysts with the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ranged between 3.0 and 4.8 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy of the samples showed bandgap energies ranging from 2.52-3.08 eV. The surface areas, pore volumes, and pore sizes of the investigated modified and unmodified clays determined by the Brunauer, Teller, Emmett/Barrett Joyner Halenda (BET/BJH) model ranged from 12.06-64.51 m2/g, 0.029-0.068 cm3/g, and 0.642-2.802 nm, respectively. To enhance the mixing of oil and clay, the adsorbents were grafted with silane and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy through CH peaks at ~1450 and ~2860 cm-1. The modified clay materials exhibited favorable properties for use as photocatalysts.

362-369
Mohammad Suhail, Safwana Usmani, Mehmood Ahmad
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.370-375.2455

Sickle cell anemia disease has been a great challenge for the world in the present situation. It occurs only due to the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) having Pro-Val-Glu (PVG) typed mutation, while the polymerization does not occur in normal hemoglobin (HbA) having Pro-Glu-Glu (PGG) residues. According to data from the literature, Val-beta6 of Pro-Val-Glu is hydrophobic in nature, which appears to fit into a hydrophobic pocket in the adjacent HbS. After the insertion of Pro-Val-Glu into a hydrophobic pocket on the adjacent HbS, the polymerization is started. This is a questionable point on how the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in HbS makes it more reactive to fit into a hydrophobic pocket on adjacent HbS for polymerization. No data from the literature on the reactivity of HbS for polymerization was found yet. This is the first time that the theoretical calculation was done in both HbA and HbS where they were structurally different. After that, a comparative study between PVG and PGG was done at quantum level for the evaluation of the reactivity to fit into a hydrophobic pocket on adjacent HbS. At a quantum level, it was found that the HOMO-LUMO gap of Pro-Val-Glu was lower than that of Pro-Glu-Glu. According to the data from the literature, the lesser HOMO-LUMO gap promotes the initiation of the polymerization reaction. On the basis of the results, it was also shown how the mutation point (Pro-Val-Glu) in HbS becomes more reactive to polymerization, whereas Pro-Glu-Glu in HbA does not. The computational method developed for the first time will be very helpful not only for molecular biologists but also for computational and medicinal chemists. Additionally, the required modifications based on gaps in anti-sickling drug development are also suggested in the presented article.

370-375
Fatma Aydin, Nahide Burcu Arslan
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.376-384.2462

Organic salt, 9-aminoacridinium picrate (9-AAcPc), containing equimolar quantities of 9-aminoacridine and picric acid was obtained and a single crystal was grown by the slow evaporation method in the mixture of methanol: tetrahydrofuran solvent (1: 1, v: v). The molecular structure of the prepared compound was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal structure of the title compound showed the presence of the triclinic space group P-1 with no. 2, a = 8.2811(7) Å, b = 10.1003(9) Å, c = 13.4484(13) Å, α = 83.521(3)°, β = 83.330(3)°, γ = 66.595(3)°, = 1022.56(16) Å3, Z = 2, μ(MoKα) = 0.108 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.375 g/cm3, 56338 reflections measured (5.89° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 56.704°), 5097 unique (Rint = 0.0400, Rsigma = 0.0210) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0552 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1757 (all data). The molecular geometry was also optimized using density functional theory. The frontier molecular orbitals were calculated, and we discussed the probability that the proton transfers from the phenolic OH group of picric acid to different nitrogen units. The calculated electronic structure properties of the title molecule, such as the HOMO and LUMO analysis, and different molecular electrostatic potential maps, were obtained by using the density functional theory method, and the calculated structure was compared with the experimental structure. The thermal stability of the crystal was also analyzed using the TGA/DTG technique.

376-384
Nikita Vinod Thakare, Anand Shankar Aswar, Nilesh Govindrao Salunkhe
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.385-392.2457

The multiheterocyclic ring system shows valuable pharmaceutical and biological activities. In the present study, a microwave-assisted three-component reaction between aryl aldehyde, malononitrile, and 5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazole-3-one led to the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles has been described. The reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of a new magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst (CoFe2O4@SiO2-HClO4). The reported protocol offers several advantages such as being environmentally benign, being rapid, inexpensive, having high atom and step economy, and being facile. The simple method of catalyst preparation, easy magnetic recovery, and reusability of the catalyst for four runs are notable features of the nanocatalyst. Antibacterial activity of all synthesized compounds was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. All synthesized compounds showed promising biological activity and may be used as a potential antibacterial candidate in biological science.

385-392

Review Article

Gabriel Vitor de Lima Marques, Renata Barbosa de Oliveira
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.393-400.2442

From the Himalayan mountains to the South American coast, Cannabis, a general term for plants of the genus Cannabis, with thousands of years of contact with humankind, shows its versatility as food tools such as hemp, religious and hedonistic input, and other purposes through the millennia, according to the populations in question. In this paper, a review of the context of the use of Cannabis and its place in world history is presented, from ancient Mesopotamian relics, traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines, to the reasoning behind the isolation and structural elucidation of three phytocannabinoids and the spread of Cannabis throughout the world.

393-400
Murad Qassim Abdulraqeb Al-Gunaid, Gayitri Hebbur Maheshwarappa, Shashikala Badaga Shivanna, Mohammed Ali Hussein Dhaif-Allah, Waled Abdo Ahmed, Fares Hezam Al-Ostoot
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.401-413.2439

Nanometal oxides have attracted considerable research interest because of the widespread applications in which nanomaterials can be synthesised in various oxide forms that can adopt various structural geometries with unique electronic band structures. Additionally, nanometal oxides provide unique features imputed to quantum confinement effects that stimulate changes in their optical, electrical, and optoelectronic behaviours. Meanwhile, introducing such nanometal oxides into host polymeric materials enables the formation of advanced polymeric nanocomposites with versatile properties. Even so, the utilisation of such nanocomposites in diverse potential applications requires a fundamental understanding of their inherent material functionalities. Therefore, this document aims to demonstrate the importance of polymer nanocomposites with a special focus on the impact of nanometal oxides to enhance the optical and electrical behaviours of polymer composites for advanced optoelectronic and energy storage applications.

401-413
Salaha Saeed, Muhammad Yousaf Arshad, Anam Suhail Ahmed
DOI 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.414-428.2452

This groundbreaking review explores the crucial role of the circular economy in industrial chemistry and environmental engineering. It surpasses a mere examination of principles and methods, delving into the profound significance and urgency of this transformative shift. By analyzing key elements such as resource efficiency, waste valorization, sustainable product design, industrial symbiosis, and policy integration, the study highlights the power of collaboration, technological advancements, and extensive literature research. It reveals the remarkable alignment between the circular economy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing how circular practices promote resource efficiency, waste reduction, and sustainable production and consumption patterns, thus driving progress across multiple SDGs. With a specific focus on responsible consumption and production, clean energy, innovative industrial practices, climate action, ecosystem protection, water resource management, job creation, economic growth, sustainable urbanization, and collaboration, the review provides a comprehensive roadmap for adopting circularity. Its practical recommendations cover sustainable material selection, resource efficiency, closing loop, digitalization, and robust policy support. In addition, it emphasizes the paramount importance of collaboration, stakeholder engagement, education, capacity building, circular supply chain management, and effective policy frameworks in spearheading circular economy initiatives. Drawing inspiration from diverse circular economy models and compelling case studies in industrial chemistry, the study highlights the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, ensuring both sustainability and positive societal impact. This comprehensive review serves as a guiding light, demonstrating the immense potential of the circular economy in driving sustainable development. It offers actionable guidance for implementing circular practices, empowering professionals to make tangible contributions to a more sustainable future. Additionally, it serves as a foundational piece, fueling the advancement of knowledge, inspiring further research, and propelling remarkable progress in the ever-evolving fields of industrial chemistry and environmental engineering.

414-428
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