European Journal of Chemistry

Synthesis of ethylene carbonate from cyclocondensation of ethylene glycol and urea over ZnO•Cr2O3 catalyst system controlled by co-precipitation method

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Published: Jun 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.3.2.235-240.460
Keywords:
Urea, Zinc chromite, Ethylene glycol, Co-precipitation, Cyclocondensation, Ethylene carbonate
Section
Research Article
Issue
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2012): June 2012
Dates
Received 2011-05-12
Accepted 2012-03-08
Published 2012-06-30


Main Article Content

Sheenu Bhadauria
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452001, India
Samidha Saxena
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452001, India
Rajendra Prasad
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452001, India
Prabhakar Sharma
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452001, India
Rajendra Prasad
Department of Chemistry, Amravati University, Amravati, 444602, India
Reena Dwivedi
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452001, India

Abstract

ZnO·Cr2O3 catalyst has been synthesized by low temperature, pH controlled co-precipitation route and characterized employing techniques of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area measurement, ammonia desorption technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These characterizations reveal the catalyst to possess ZnO·ZnCr2O4 composition. The catalysts have been tested for their performance for the first time, in the synthesis of ethylene carbonate from cyclocondensation of ethylene glycol and urea. Effect of catalyst concentration, temperature and molar ratio of reactants has been studied to obtain the optimum conversion and selectivity of ethylene glycol and urea to ethylene carbonate. A maximum yield of 85.75% of ethylene carbonate was obtained at a temperature of 423 K and urea: ethylene glycol molar ratio of 1:1.5. A tentative mechanism of the reaction is proposed on the basis of analysis of reactants, products and modeling of the transition state for the reaction under density function theory using Gaussian09W software. Our studies suggest a consecutive mechanism for the reaction. In the first step, urea and ethylene glycol react to produce 2-hydroxyethyl carbamate, which undergoes further reaction to produce ethylene carbonate (EC) and ammonia.

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Bhadauria, S.; Saxena, S.; Prasad, R.; Sharma, P.; Prasad, R.; Dwivedi, R. Synthesis of Ethylene Carbonate from Cyclocondensation of Ethylene Glycol and Urea over ZnO•Cr2O3 Catalyst System Controlled by Co-Precipitation Method. Eur. J. Chem. 2012, 3, 235-240.

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Supporting Agencies

University Grants Commission-Department of Atomic Energy- Consortium for scientific Research (UGC-DAE-CSR), Indore, India, Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi and Madhya Pradesh Council of Science & Technology (MPCST), Bhopal
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