Determination of benzene derivatives in geothermal waters of  Lake Bogoria hot springs

Anzelim Eliwa Sunguti; Joshua Kiprotich Kibet; Thomas Karanja Kinyanjui

doi:10.5155/eurjchem.17.2.118-124.2736

PDF

Published: Jun 30, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.17.2.118-124.2736

Keywords:

Lake Bogoria, Alkyl benzenes, Bio-accumulative, Geothermal springs, Hydrothermal system, Organic geochemistry

Section

Research Article

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2026): June 2026

Dates

Received 2025-12-06
Accepted 2026-04-10
Published 2026-06-30

Anzelim Eliwa Sunguti

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Njoro, Kenya

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2548-4190

Joshua Kiprotich Kibet

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Njoro, Kenya

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-961X

Thomas Karanja Kinyanjui

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Njoro, Kenya

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1318-0061

Abstract

Lake Bogoria geothermal springs are a cultural heritage site in Kenya, offering benefits such as tourism, therapeutic use of hot spring water and recreational activities. However, the hot spring water contains dissolved minerals and potentially harmful organic compounds that can pose risks to humans and the environment, including flamingos. The benzene derivatives present in the water may undergo transformation and bioaccumulation, leading to long-term ecological impacts. This study focuses on the determination of benzene derivatives in Lake Bogoria geothermal springs using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis revealed a total mean concentration of 0.368±0.29 ppm for all identified benzene derivatives. Concentrations were found to be below the recommended limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Among the sampling points, SP4 exhibited the highest total mean concentration (0.120±0.08 ppm). 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene showed the highest relative abundance (19.97%), while 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene had the lowest contribution (1.78%).

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Sunguti, A. E.; Kibet, J. K.; Kinyanjui, T. K. Determination of Benzene Derivatives in Geothermal Waters of Lake Bogoria Hot Springs. Eur. J. Chem. 2026, 17, 118-124.

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Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, the Directorate of Research & Extension, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya and the National Council for Science and Technology, Kenya.

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