Email this article 
Hide
Show all
OPEN ACCESS | 
PEER-REVIEWED |
REVIEW ARTICLE
|
DOWNLOAD PDF
|
VIEW FULL-TEXT PDF
| TOTAL VIEWS
Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)
Syed Asad Ali Rizvi (1,*)
, Duc Phuc Do (2) , Ayman Mahmoud Saleh (3) (1) School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), Erie, PA 16509, USA
(2) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
(3) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), Erie, PA 16509, USA
(*) Corresponding Author
Received: 04 Feb 2011 | Accepted: 24 Feb 2011 | Published: 30 Jun 2011 | Issue Date: June 2011
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a useful branch of capillary electrophoresis (CE) that utilizes surfactant above critical micelle concentration (CMC) as pseudo-stationary phase. MEKC can be employed to separate both charged and neutral molecules, individually or simultaneously, including chiral compounds. MECK benefits from high peak efficiency due to electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the separation capillary, compounded with large variety of synthetic surfactants, organic modifiers, temperature and variable separation voltage has made MECK the method of choice for separation scientists. In this review, we present the introduction of CE, fundamentals of surfactant chemistry as it relates to MEKC, separation principles in MECK including equations involved in calculating separation parameters (capacity factor, resolution etc.).
Announcements
Our editors have decided to support scientists to publish their manuscripts in European Journal of Chemistry without any financial constraints.
1- The article processing fee will not be charged from the articles containing the single-crystal structure characterization or a DFT study between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 (Voucher code: FALL2023).
2. A 50% discount will be applied to the article processing fee for submissions made between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 by authors who have at least one publication in the European Journal of Chemistry (Voucher code: AUTHOR-3-2023).
3. Young writers will not be charged for the article processing fee between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 (Voucher code: YOUNG2023).
Editor-in-Chief
European Journal of Chemistry
Keywords
Capillary electrophoresis; Electroosmotic flow; Micellar electrokinetic chromatography; Surfactants; Critical micelle concentration; Polymeric surfactants
Full Text:
PDF
DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401
Links for Article
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | |
Related Articles
Article Metrics
This Abstract was viewed 4912 times |
PDF Article downloaded 1279 times
Citations
[1]. Sandra Salido-Fortuna, María Castro-Puyana, María Luisa Marina
Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
Journal of Chromatography A 1626, 461383, 2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383
[2]. Pauline Trindade Biscaino, Ana Paula Christ, Daniele Rubert Nogueira Librelotto, Clarice Madalena Bueno Rolim, Andréa Inês Horn Adams
Assay of empagliflozin tablets by a stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography method and cytotoxicity study of degraded samples
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57, , 2021
DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418903
[3]. Fletcher J. Agostino, Leonid T. Cherney, Victor Galievsky, Sergey N. Krylov
Steady‐State Continuous‐Flow Purification by Electrophoresis
Angewandte Chemie 125(28), 7397, 2013
DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300104
[4]. Cristiane Franco Codevilla, Priscila Rosa, Martin Steppe, Ana Maria Bergold, Clarice Madalena Bueno Rolim, Andréa Inês Horn Adams
Development and validation of a stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography method to assay voriconazole tablets
Analytical Methods 5(19), 5051, 2013
DOI: 10.1039/c3ay40746b
[5]. Sami El Deeb, Hanaa Asad Dawwas, Ronald Gust
Recent methodological and instrumental development in MEKC
ELECTROPHORESIS 34(9-10), 1295, 2013
DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200574
[6]. Mohammad Madani, Ghasem Zargar, Mohammad Ali Takassi, Amin Daryasafar, David A. Wood, Zhien Zhang
Fundamental investigation of an environmentally-friendly surfactant agent for chemical enhanced oil recovery
Fuel 238, 186, 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.105
[7]. Matheus Wagner Lago, Mariane Lago Friedrich, Gabrielle Dineck Iop, Thiago Belarmino de Souza, Paola de Azevedo Mello, Andréa Inês Horn Adams
Capillary zone electrophoresis method to assay tipranavir capsules and identification of oxidation product and organic impurity by quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry
Talanta 181, 182, 2018
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.012
[8]. Pouya Tavakoli, Seyed Reza Shadizadeh, Farzan Hayati, Moslem Fattahi
Effects of synthesized nanoparticles and Henna-Tragacanth solutions on oil/water interfacial tension: Nanofluids stability considerations
Petroleum 6(3), 293, 2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2020.03.001
[9]. Susanne K. Wiedmer, Jana Lokajová
Capillary electromigration techniques for studying interactions between analytes and lipid dispersions
Journal of Separation Science 36(1), 37, 2013
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200829
[10]. S. G. Ravi, S. R. Shadizadeh, J. Moghaddasi
Core Flooding Tests to Investigate the Effects of IFT Reduction and Wettability Alteration on Oil Recovery: Using Mulberry Leaf Extract
Petroleum Science and Technology 33(3), 257, 2015
DOI: 10.1080/10916466.2014.966916
[11]. Fletcher J. Agostino, Leonid T. Cherney, Victor Galievsky, Sergey N. Krylov
Steady‐State Continuous‐Flow Purification by Electrophoresis
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52(28), 7256, 2013
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300104
[12]. Ana Isa Pedroso Marcolino, Maximiliano S. Sangoi, Martin Steppe, Andréa Inês Horn Adams, Clarice Madalena Bueno Rolim
Determination of dronedarone in the pharmaceutical dosage form by a stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography method
Analytical Methods 5(12), 3106, 2013
DOI: 10.1039/c3ay40311d
References
[1]. http://old.iupac.org/goldbook/C01075.pdf
[2]. Tiselius, A. The Moving Boundary Method of Studying the Electrophoresis of Proteins, Ph.D. Thesis, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, Vol. 17, No.4, Almqvist and Wiksell, Uppsala, Sweden, 1930.
[3]. Jorgenson, J. W.; Lukacs, K. D. Clin. Chem. 1981, 27, 1551-1553.
PMid:7261333
[4]. Jorgenson, J. W.; Lukacs, K. D. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1981, 4, 230-231.
doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240040507
[5]. Terabe, S.; Otsuka, K.; Ando, T. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 251-260.
doi:10.1021/ac00178a013
[6]. Terabe, S.; Otsuka, K.; Ando, T. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 834-841.
doi:10.1021/ac00281a014
[7]. Barret, D. G.; Gellman, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9343-9344.
doi:10.1021/ja00073a082
[8]. Fuhrhop, J. H.; Gellman, S. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 1986, 19, 130-137.
doi:10.1021/ar00125a002
[9]. Clint, J. H. Surfactant Aggregation, Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, 1992.
[10]. Gill, S. J.; Wadso, I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1976, 73, 2955-2958.
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.9.2955
[11]. Tanford, C. The hydrophobic effect: formation of micelles and biological membranes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
[12]. Lange, K. R. Surfactants: A Practical Handbook, Hanser Gardner Publications, Ohio, 1999.
[13]. Rosen, M. J. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2004.
doi:10.1002/0471670561
[14]. Notter, R. H. Lung Surfactants: Basic Science and Clinical Applications, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
[15]. Kallay, N. Interfacial Dynamics, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
[16]. Tsujii, K. Surface Activity: Pronciles, Phenomena, and Applications (Polymers, Interfaces and Biomaterials), Academic Press. San Diego, CA, 1998.
[17]. Myers, D. Surfactant Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2005.
doi:10.1002/047174607X
[18]. Holmberg, K.; Jönsson, B.; Kronberg, B.; Lindman, B. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2002.
doi:10.1002/0470856424
[19]. Jones, M. N.; Chapman, D. Micelles, Monolayers, and Biomembranes, Wiley-Liss, NY, 1994.
[20]. Stache, H. W. Anionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
[21]. Van Os, N. M.; Haak, J. R.; Rupert, L. A. M. Physico-Chemical Properties of Selected Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants, Elsevier Science Pub Co, NY, 1993.
[22]. Rubingh, D. Cationic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
[23]. Cross, J. Cationic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
[24]. Schramm, L. L. Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
doi:10.1017/CBO9780511524844
[25]. Holmberg, K. Novel Surfactants: Preparation, Applications, and Biodegradability, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
doi:10.1201/9780203911730
[26]. Lomax, E. G. Amphoteric Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
[27]. Rieger, M. Surfactants in Cosmetics, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
[28]. Schick. M. J. Nonionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1987.
[29]. Van Os, N. M. Nonionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
[30]. Patist, A.; Kanicky, J. R.; Shukla, P.; Shah, D. O. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 245, 1-15.
doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7955
PMid:16290329
[31]. Hiemenz, P. C.; Rajagopalan, R. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Dekker, New York, 1997.
[32]. Hunter, R, J. Foundations of Colloid Science, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1987.
[33]. Tanford, C. The Hydrophobic Effect. The Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes, Wiley, New York, 1980.
[34]. McBain, J. W. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1913, 9, 99-101.
[35]. McBain, J. W.; Salmon, C. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1920, 42, 426-436.
doi:10.1021/ja01448a010
[36]. Hartley, G. S. Aqueous Solutions of Paraffin-Chain Salts, Hermann, Paris, 1936.
[37]. Hartley, G. S.; Collie, B.; Samis, C. S. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1936, 32, 795-815.
doi:10.1039/tf9363200795
[38]. McBain, J. W.; Martin, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1914, 105, 957-977.
[39]. Debye, P.; Anacker, E. W. J. Phys. Colloid. Chem. 1951, 55, 644-655.
[40]. Menger, F. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1086-1099.
doi:10.1002/anie.199110861
[41]. Terabe, S. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 240A-246A.
doi:10.1021/ac0415859
[42]. Sandra, P.; Vindevogel, J. Introduction to Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Huthig Pub Ltd, Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992, pp 43-67.
[43]. Khaledi, M. G. (Ed.), High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1998, pp 77-131.
[44]. Lander, J. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis, Second Edition, CRC-Press, Florida, 1996, pp 49-74.
[45]. Piirma, I. Polymeric Surfactants, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1992.
[46]. Gambogi, R. J.; Blum, F. D. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 140, 525-534.
doi:10.1016/0021-9797(90)90372-U
[47]. Palmer, C. P.; Terabe, S. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1852-1860.
doi:10.1021/ac960801d
[48]. Palmer, C. P. J. Chromatogr. A. 1997, 780, 75-92.
doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00367-1
[49]. Shamsi, S. A.; Warner, I. M. Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 853-872.
doi:10.1002/elps.1150180604
PMid:9221871
[50]. Ward, T. J.; Hamburg, D. M. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 4635-4644.
doi:10.1021/ac040093t
PMid:15307771
[51]. Palmer, C. P.; McCarney, J. P. Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 4086-4094.
doi:10.1002/elps.200406110
PMid:15597413
[52]. Palmer, C. P.; McCarney, J. P. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1044, 159-176.
doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.068
PMid:15354436
[53]. Rundlett, K. L.; Armstrong, D. W. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3493-3497.
doi:10.1021/ac960472p
PMid:21619282
[54]. Liu, H.; Farrell, S.; Uhrich, U. J. Control. Release. 2000, 68, 167-174.
doi:10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00247-9
[55]. Camilleri, P. Capillary Electrophoresis: THEORY and PRACTICE, CRC Press, Florida, USA, 1998, pp 217-218.
[56]. Chankvetadze, B. Capillary Electrophoresis In Chiral Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, England, 1997.
[2]. Tiselius, A. The Moving Boundary Method of Studying the Electrophoresis of Proteins, Ph.D. Thesis, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, Vol. 17, No.4, Almqvist and Wiksell, Uppsala, Sweden, 1930.
[3]. Jorgenson, J. W.; Lukacs, K. D. Clin. Chem. 1981, 27, 1551-1553.
PMid:7261333
[4]. Jorgenson, J. W.; Lukacs, K. D. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1981, 4, 230-231.
doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240040507
[5]. Terabe, S.; Otsuka, K.; Ando, T. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 251-260.
doi:10.1021/ac00178a013
[6]. Terabe, S.; Otsuka, K.; Ando, T. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 834-841.
doi:10.1021/ac00281a014
[7]. Barret, D. G.; Gellman, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9343-9344.
doi:10.1021/ja00073a082
[8]. Fuhrhop, J. H.; Gellman, S. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 1986, 19, 130-137.
doi:10.1021/ar00125a002
[9]. Clint, J. H. Surfactant Aggregation, Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, 1992.
[10]. Gill, S. J.; Wadso, I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1976, 73, 2955-2958.
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.9.2955
[11]. Tanford, C. The hydrophobic effect: formation of micelles and biological membranes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
[12]. Lange, K. R. Surfactants: A Practical Handbook, Hanser Gardner Publications, Ohio, 1999.
[13]. Rosen, M. J. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2004.
doi:10.1002/0471670561
[14]. Notter, R. H. Lung Surfactants: Basic Science and Clinical Applications, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
[15]. Kallay, N. Interfacial Dynamics, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
[16]. Tsujii, K. Surface Activity: Pronciles, Phenomena, and Applications (Polymers, Interfaces and Biomaterials), Academic Press. San Diego, CA, 1998.
[17]. Myers, D. Surfactant Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2005.
doi:10.1002/047174607X
[18]. Holmberg, K.; Jönsson, B.; Kronberg, B.; Lindman, B. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2002.
doi:10.1002/0470856424
[19]. Jones, M. N.; Chapman, D. Micelles, Monolayers, and Biomembranes, Wiley-Liss, NY, 1994.
[20]. Stache, H. W. Anionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
[21]. Van Os, N. M.; Haak, J. R.; Rupert, L. A. M. Physico-Chemical Properties of Selected Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants, Elsevier Science Pub Co, NY, 1993.
[22]. Rubingh, D. Cationic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
[23]. Cross, J. Cationic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
[24]. Schramm, L. L. Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
doi:10.1017/CBO9780511524844
[25]. Holmberg, K. Novel Surfactants: Preparation, Applications, and Biodegradability, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
doi:10.1201/9780203911730
[26]. Lomax, E. G. Amphoteric Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
[27]. Rieger, M. Surfactants in Cosmetics, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
[28]. Schick. M. J. Nonionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1987.
[29]. Van Os, N. M. Nonionic Surfactants, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
[30]. Patist, A.; Kanicky, J. R.; Shukla, P.; Shah, D. O. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 245, 1-15.
doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7955
PMid:16290329
[31]. Hiemenz, P. C.; Rajagopalan, R. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Dekker, New York, 1997.
[32]. Hunter, R, J. Foundations of Colloid Science, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1987.
[33]. Tanford, C. The Hydrophobic Effect. The Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes, Wiley, New York, 1980.
[34]. McBain, J. W. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1913, 9, 99-101.
[35]. McBain, J. W.; Salmon, C. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1920, 42, 426-436.
doi:10.1021/ja01448a010
[36]. Hartley, G. S. Aqueous Solutions of Paraffin-Chain Salts, Hermann, Paris, 1936.
[37]. Hartley, G. S.; Collie, B.; Samis, C. S. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1936, 32, 795-815.
doi:10.1039/tf9363200795
[38]. McBain, J. W.; Martin, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1914, 105, 957-977.
[39]. Debye, P.; Anacker, E. W. J. Phys. Colloid. Chem. 1951, 55, 644-655.
[40]. Menger, F. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1086-1099.
doi:10.1002/anie.199110861
[41]. Terabe, S. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 240A-246A.
doi:10.1021/ac0415859
[42]. Sandra, P.; Vindevogel, J. Introduction to Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Huthig Pub Ltd, Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992, pp 43-67.
[43]. Khaledi, M. G. (Ed.), High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1998, pp 77-131.
[44]. Lander, J. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis, Second Edition, CRC-Press, Florida, 1996, pp 49-74.
[45]. Piirma, I. Polymeric Surfactants, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1992.
[46]. Gambogi, R. J.; Blum, F. D. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 140, 525-534.
doi:10.1016/0021-9797(90)90372-U
[47]. Palmer, C. P.; Terabe, S. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1852-1860.
doi:10.1021/ac960801d
[48]. Palmer, C. P. J. Chromatogr. A. 1997, 780, 75-92.
doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00367-1
[49]. Shamsi, S. A.; Warner, I. M. Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 853-872.
doi:10.1002/elps.1150180604
PMid:9221871
[50]. Ward, T. J.; Hamburg, D. M. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 4635-4644.
doi:10.1021/ac040093t
PMid:15307771
[51]. Palmer, C. P.; McCarney, J. P. Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 4086-4094.
doi:10.1002/elps.200406110
PMid:15597413
[52]. Palmer, C. P.; McCarney, J. P. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1044, 159-176.
doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.068
PMid:15354436
[53]. Rundlett, K. L.; Armstrong, D. W. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3493-3497.
doi:10.1021/ac960472p
PMid:21619282
[54]. Liu, H.; Farrell, S.; Uhrich, U. J. Control. Release. 2000, 68, 167-174.
doi:10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00247-9
[55]. Camilleri, P. Capillary Electrophoresis: THEORY and PRACTICE, CRC Press, Florida, USA, 1998, pp 217-218.
[56]. Chankvetadze, B. Capillary Electrophoresis In Chiral Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, England, 1997.
How to cite
Rizvi, S.; Do, D.; Saleh, A.
Eur. J. Chem.
2011,
2(2), 276-281.
doi:10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401
Rizvi, S.; Do, D.; Saleh, A. Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).
Eur. J. Chem.
2011,
2(2), 276-281.
doi:10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401
Rizvi, S., Do, D., & Saleh, A.
(2011).
Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).
European Journal of Chemistry, 2(2), 276-281.
doi:10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401
Rizvi, Syed, Duc Phuc Do, & Ayman Mahmoud Saleh.
"Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)." European Journal of Chemistry [Online], 2.2 (2011): 276-281. Web. 8 Dec. 2023
Rizvi, Syed, Do, Duc, AND Saleh, Ayman.
"Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)" European Journal of Chemistry [Online], Volume 2 Number 2 (30 June 2011)
The other citation formats (EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | BibTeX | RefWorks) for this article can be found online at: How to cite item
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
Save to Zotero
Save to Mendeley
European Journal of Chemistry 2011, 2(2), 276-281 | doi: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.2.2.276-281.401 | Get rights and content
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c)
© Copyright 2010 - 2023 • Atlanta Publishing House LLC • All Right Reserved.
The opinions expressed in all articles published in European Journal of Chemistry are those of the specific author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of Atlanta Publishing House LLC, or European Journal of Chemistry, or any of its employees.
Copyright 2010-2023 Atlanta Publishing House LLC. All rights reserved. This site is owned and operated by Atlanta Publishing House LLC whose registered office is 2850 Smith Ridge Trce Peachtree Cor GA 30071-2636, USA. Registered in USA.